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<title>Kaimane</title>

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaimane</span></h1>

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<th>Kaimane

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<p>Junger <a href="Krokodilkaiman" title="Krokodilkaiman">Krokodilkaiman</a><br>gesichtet in <a href="Tortuguero" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortuguero">Tortuguero</a> (Costa Rica)

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<th><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Systematik</a>

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<td><a href="Amnioten" title="Amnioten">Amnioten</a> (Amniota)

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<td><a href="Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a>

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<td><a href="Archosauria" title="Archosauria">Archosauria</a>

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<td><i><a href="Ordnung_(Biologie)" title="Ordnung (Biologie)">Ordnung</a>:</i>

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<td><a href="Krokodile" title="Krokodile">Krokodile</a> (Crocodylia)

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<td><i><a href="Familie_(Biologie)" title="Familie (Biologie)">Familie</a>:</i>

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<td><a href="Alligatoren" title="Alligatoren">Alligatoren</a> (Alligatoridae)

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<td><i><a href="Familie_(Biologie)" title="Familie (Biologie)">Unterfamilie</a>:</i>

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<td>Kaimane

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<th><a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Wissenschaftlicher Name</a>

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<td class="taxo-name">Caimaninae

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<td class="Person">Brochu, 1999

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<th><a href="Gattung_(Biologie)" title="Gattung (Biologie)">Gattungen</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Echte_Kaimane" title="Echte Kaimane">Echte Kaimane</a> (<i>Caiman</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Glattstirnkaimane" title="Glattstirnkaimane">Glattstirnkaimane</a> (<i>Palaeosuchus</i>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Melanosuchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanosuchus">Melanosuchus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Purussaurus" title="Purussaurus">Purussaurus</a> (<i>Purussaurus</i>)</li></ul>

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<p>Die <b>Kaimane</b> (Caimaninae) sind eine Unterfamilie der <a href="Alligatoren" title="Alligatoren">Alligatoren</a> (Alligatoridae) innerhalb der <a href="Krokodile" title="Krokodile">Krokodile</a> (Crocodylia). Sie werden den <a href="Echte_Alligatoren" title="Echte Alligatoren">Echten Alligatoren</a> (Alligatorinae) gegenübergestellt. Kaimane kommen fast ausschließlich in <a href="S%C3%BCdamerika" title="Südamerika">Südamerika</a> vor, mit Ausnahme des Krokodilkaimans, dessen Verbreitungsgebiet bis nach <a href="Mittelamerika" title="Mittelamerika">Mittelamerika</a> reicht.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systematik">Systematik</h2></div>

<p>Die <a href="Rezent" title="Rezent">rezenten</a> sechs Arten der <a href="Echte_Kaimane" title="Echte Kaimane">Echten Kaimane</a> (<i>Caiman</i>), der <a href="Glattstirnkaimane" title="Glattstirnkaimane">Glattstirnkaimane</a> (<i>Palaeosuchus</i>) und der <a href="Schwarzer_Kaiman" title="Schwarzer Kaiman">Schwarze Kaiman</a> (<i>Melanosuchus</i>) existieren seit dem <a href="Plioz%C3%A4n" title="Pliozän">Pliozän</a>:

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<ul><li><b>Kaimane (Caimaninae)</b>

<ul><li>Gattung: <a href="Echte_Kaimane" title="Echte Kaimane">Echte Kaimane</a> (<i>Caiman</i> <a href="Johann_Baptist_von_Spix" title="Johann Baptist von Spix"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261921330">

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<ul><li><a href="Krokodilkaiman" title="Krokodilkaiman">Krokodilkaiman</a> (<i>Caiman crocodilus</i> (<a href="Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné"><span class="Person h-card">Linnaeus</span></a>, 1758))</li>

<li><a href="Brillenkaiman" title="Brillenkaiman">Brillenkaiman</a> (<i>Caiman yacare</i> (<a href="Francois-Marie_Daudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois-Marie Daudin"><span class="Person h-card">Daudin</span></a>, 1801)) (Status umstritten)</li>

<li><a href="Breitschnauzenkaiman" title="Breitschnauzenkaiman">Breitschnauzenkaiman</a> (<i>Caiman latirostris</i> (<a href="Francois-Marie_Daudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois-Marie Daudin"><span class="Person h-card">Daudin</span></a>, 1801))</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: <i><a href="Melanosuchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanosuchus">Melanosuchus</a></i> <a href="John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray"><span class="Person h-card">Gray</span></a>, 1862

<ul><li><a href="Schwarzer_Kaiman" title="Schwarzer Kaiman">Schwarzer Kaiman</a> (<i>Melanosuchus niger</i> (<a href="Johann_Baptist_von_Spix" title="Johann Baptist von Spix"><span class="Person h-card">Spix</span></a>, 1825))</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: <a href="Glattstirnkaimane" title="Glattstirnkaimane">Glattstirnkaimane</a> (<i>Paleosuchus</i> <a href="John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray"><span class="Person h-card">Gray</span></a>, 1862)

<ul><li><a href="Keilkopf-Glattstirnkaiman" title="Keilkopf-Glattstirnkaiman">Keilkopf-Glattstirnkaiman</a> (<i>Paleosuchus trigonatus</i> (<a href="Johann_Gottlob_Theaenus_Schneider" title="Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider"><span class="Person h-card">Schneider</span></a>, 1801))</li>

<li><a href="Brauen-Glattstirnkaiman" title="Brauen-Glattstirnkaiman">Brauen-Glattstirnkaiman</a> (<i>Paleosuchus palpebrosus</i> (<a href="Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier"><span class="Person h-card">Cuvier</span></a>, 1807))</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<p>Die genauen Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Kaimane untereinander und zu anderen Gruppen innerhalb der Krokodile sind bislang weitgehend ungeklärt, eine akzeptierte Hypothese ist hier wiedergegeben.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">  Kaimane (Caimaninae)  

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<td style="min-width:1em; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">  Jacarea  

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<p> <a href="Echte_Kaimane" title="Echte Kaimane">Echte Kaimane</a> (<i>Caiman</i>)

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<p> <a href="Schwarzer_Kaiman" title="Schwarzer Kaiman">Schwarzer Kaiman</a> (<i>Melanosuchus</i>)

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<p> <a href="Glattstirnkaimane" title="Glattstirnkaimane">Glattstirnkaimane</a> (<i>Palaeosuchus</i>)

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stammesgeschichte">Stammesgeschichte</h2></div>

<p>Die basalen Vertreter der Kaimane waren <i>Necrosuchus ionensisaus</i> aus dem <a href="Paleoz%C3%A4n" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleozän">Paleozän</a> und <i>Eocaiman cavernensis</i> aus dem <a href="Eoz%C3%A4n" title="Eozän">Eozän</a>. Der <i>Orthogenysuchus olseni</i> stammt ebenfalls aus dieser Zeit. Im Miozän tauchen die Gattung <i>Purussaurus</i> mit mehreren Arten, wie z. B. <i>Purussaurus neivensis</i> (früher <i>Caiman neivensis</i>) und die Gattung <i>Mourasuchus</i> auf. Auch die Gattung <i>Caiman</i> hat mit <i>Caiman lutescens</i> ihren ersten Vertreter, dieser ist aber nach heutiger Erkenntnis identisch mit <i><a href="Caiman_latirostris" class="mw-redirect" title="Caiman latirostris">Caiman latirostris</a></i>. Damit wäre dieser Fund das älteste Fossil von einem der rezenten Krokodilarten. Der erste Mohrenkaiman <i>Melanosuchus fisheri</i> erscheint im <a href="Plioz%C3%A4n" title="Pliozän">Pliozän</a>, der Fund weist mehrere Unterschiede zum heutigen <i>Melanosuchus niger</i> auf, dennoch besteht Uneinigkeit, ob beide Arten nicht identisch sind. Die Gattungen <i>Orthogenysuchus</i> und <i>Mourasuchus</i> wurden früher in eine eigene Familie Nettosuchidae gestellt.

</p><p>Folgende fossile Arten gehören zu den Caimaninae:

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<ul><li>Gattung: † <i>Gnatusuchus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Salas-Gismondi</span>, <a href="John_J._Flynn" title="John J. Flynn"><span class="Person h-card">Flynn</span></a>, <span class="Person h-card">Baby</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Tejada-Lara</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Wesselingh</span> & <span class="Person h-card">Antoine</span>, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-Salas_et_al._2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salas_et_al._2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li>† <i>Gnatusuchus pebasensis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Salas-Gismondi</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Flynn</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Baby</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Tejada-Lara</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Wesselingh</span> & <span class="Person h-card">Antoine</span>, 2015</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: † <i>Culebrasuchus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Hastings</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Bloch</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Jaramillo</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Rincon</span> & <a href="Bruce_J._MacFadden" title="Bruce J. MacFadden"><span class="Person h-card">MacFadden</span></a>, 2013

<ul><li>† <i>Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Hastings</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Bloch</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Jaramillo</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Rincon</span> & <span class="Person h-card">MacFadden</span>, 2013</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: † <i>Eocaiman</i> <a href="George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson"><span class="Person h-card">Simpson</span></a>, 1933

<ul><li>† <i>Eocaiman cavernensis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Simpson</span>, 1933</li>

<li>† <i>Eocaiman palaeocenicus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Bona</span>, 2007</li>

<li>† <i>Eocaiman itaboraiensis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Pinheiro</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Fortier</span>, <a href="Diego_Pol" title="Diego Pol"><span class="Person h-card">Pol</span></a>, <span class="Person h-card">Campos</span> & <span class="Person h-card">Bergqvist</span>, 2013</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: † <i>Necrosuchus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Simpson</span>, 1937

<ul><li>† <i>Necrosuchus ionensisaus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Simpson</span>, 1937</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: † <i>Globidentosuchus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Scheyer</span> et al., 2013

<ul><li>† <i>Globidentosuchus brachyrostris</i> <span class="Person h-card">Scheyer</span> et al., 2013</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: † <i>Kuttanacaiman</i> <span class="Person h-card">Salas-Gismondi</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Flynn</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Baby</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Tejada-Lara</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Wesselingh</span> & <span class="Person h-card">Antoine</span>, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-Salas_et_al._2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salas_et_al._2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li>† <i>Kuttanacaiman iquitosensis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Salas-Gismondi</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Flynn</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Baby</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Tejada-Lara</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Wesselingh</span> & <span class="Person h-card">Antoine</span>, 2015</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: † <i>Tsoabichi</i> <span class="Person h-card">Brochu</span>, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-Brochu_2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brochu_2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

<ul><li>† <i>Tsoabichi geenriverensis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Brochu</span>, 2010</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: † <i>Centenariosuchus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Hastings</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Bloch</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Jaramillo</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Rincon</span> & <span class="Person h-card">MacFadden</span>, 2013

<ul><li>† <i>Centenariosuchus gilmorei</i> <span class="Person h-card">Hastings</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Bloch</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Jaramillo</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Rincon</span> & <span class="Person h-card">MacFadden</span>, 2013</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: † <i>Orthogenysuchus</i> <span class="Person h-card">Mook</span>, 1926

<ul><li>† <i>Orthogenysuchus olseni</i> <span class="Person h-card">Mook</span>, 1926</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: † <i><a href="Purussaurus" title="Purussaurus">Purussaurus</a></i> <span class="Person h-card">Rodrigues</span>, 1892

<ul><li>† <i>Purussaurus mirandai</i> <span class="Person h-card">Aguilera</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Riff</span> & <span class="Person h-card">Bocquentin-Villanueva</span>, 2006<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>† <i>Purussaurus neivensis</i> (<span class="Person h-card">Mook</span>, 1941)</li>

<li>† <i>Purussaurus brasiliensis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Rodrigues</span>, 1892</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: † <i><a href="Mourasuchus" title="Mourasuchus">Mourasuchus</a></i> <span class="Person h-card">Price</span>, 1964

<ul><li>† <i>Mourasuchus amazonensis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Price</span>, 1964</li>

<li>† <i>Mourasuchus atopus</i> (<a href="Wann_Langston%2C_Jr." title="Wann Langston, Jr."><span class="Person h-card">Langston</span></a>, 1965)</li>

<li>† <i>Mourasuchus nativus</i> (<a href="Zulma_Brandoni_de_Gasparini" title="Zulma Brandoni de Gasparini"><span class="Person h-card">Gasparini</span></a>, 1985)</li>

<li>† <i>Mourasuchus arendsi</i> <span class="Person h-card">Bocquentin-Villanueva</span>, 1984</li></ul></li>

<li>Gattung: <i><a href="Caiman" class="mw-redirect" title="Caiman">Caiman</a></i> <span class="Person h-card">Spix</span>, 1825

<ul><li>† <i>Caiman wannlangstoni</i> <span class="Person h-card">Salas-Gismondi</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Flynn</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Baby</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Tejada-Lara</span>, <span class="Person h-card">Wesselingh</span> & <span class="Person h-card">Antoine</span>, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-Salas_et_al._2015_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salas_et_al._2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>† <i>Caiman venezuelensis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Fortier</span> & <span class="Person h-card">Rincón</span>, 2012</li>

<li>† <i>Caiman brevirostris</i> <span class="Person h-card">Souza Filho</span>, 1987</li>

<li>† <i>Caiman gasparinae</i> <span class="Person h-card">Bona</span> & <a href="Ariana_Paulina_Carabajal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariana Paulina Carabajal"><span class="Person h-card">Paulina Carabajal</span></a>, 2013</li>

<li>† <i>Caiman niteroiensis</i> <span class="Person h-card">Souza Filho</span> & <span class="Person h-card">Bocquentin-Villanueva</span>, 1991</li>

<li>† <i>Caiman tremembensis</i> <a href="Luis_M._Chiappe" title="Luis M. Chiappe"><span class="Person h-card">Chiappe</span></a>, 1988</li>

<li>† <i>Caiman lutescens</i> (<span class="Person h-card">Rovereto</span>, 1912) (Status umstritten)</li></ul></li>

<ul><li>† <i>Melanosuchus fisheri</i> <span class="Person h-card">Medina</span>, 1976</li></ul></li></ul>

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<p>† <i>Stangerochampsa mccabei</i>

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<p>† <i>Brachychampsa montana</i>

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<p>† <i>Brachychampsa sealeyi</i>

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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">  <a href="Alligatoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligatoridae">Alligatoridae</a>  

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<p><a href="Alligatorinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligatorinae">Alligatorinae</a>

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<td style="border-left:2px solid; border-bottom:2px solid; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;">  <b>Caimaninae</b>  

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<p>† <i>Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus</i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<p>† <i>Eocaiman cavernensis</i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<p>† <i>Tsoabichi greenriverensis</i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Paleosuchus_palpebrosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosuchus palpebrosus">Paleosuchus palpebrosus</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Paleosuchus_trigonatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosuchus trigonatus">Paleosuchus trigonatus</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<p>† <i>Centenariosuchus gilmorei</i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<p>† <i>Purussaurus neivensis</i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<p>† <i><a href="Mourasuchus" title="Mourasuchus">Mourasuchus</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p>† <i>Orthogenysuchus olseni</i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Caiman_crocodilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caiman crocodilus">Caiman crocodilus</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Caiman_yacare" class="mw-redirect" title="Caiman yacare">Caiman yacare</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Caiman_latirostris" class="mw-redirect" title="Caiman latirostris">Caiman latirostris</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p>† <i>Caiman lutescens</i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<p>† <i>Melanosuchus fisheri</i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Melanosuchus_niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanosuchus niger">Melanosuchus niger</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td valign="top"><br><span style="display:none;">Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/3</span>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td valign="top"><br><span style="display:none;">Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/3</span>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td valign="top"><br><span style="display:none;">Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style</span>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><small>Verwandtschaftsverhältnis der rezenten und fossilen Vertreter der Kaimane nach Hastings und Kollegen 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_et_al._2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings_et_al._2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>

<ul><li>Charles A. Ross (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Krokodile und Alligatoren – Entwicklung, Biologie und Verbreitung (Erstausgabe Hamburg 1989)</cite>. Orbis, München 2002, ISBN 3-572-01319-4.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kaimane&rft.btitle=Krokodile+und+Alligatoren+-+Entwicklung%2C+Biologie+und+Verbreitung+%28Erstausgabe+Hamburg+1989%29&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3572013194&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Orbis" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li>Wolfgang Böhme, Martin Sander: <cite style="font-style:italic">Crocodylia, Krokodile. W. Westheide und R. Rieger (Hrsg.): Spezielle Zoologie. Teil 2. Wirbel- und Schädeltiere (Erstausgabe begründet von Alfred Kaestner Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1995)</cite>. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 3-8274-0307-3.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kaimane&rft.au=Wolfgang+B%C3%B6hme%2C+Martin+Sander&rft.btitle=Crocodylia%2C+Krokodile.+W.+Westheide+und+R.+Rieger+%28Hrsg.%29%3A+Spezielle+Zoologie.+Teil+2.+Wirbel-+und+Sch%C3%A4deltiere+%28Erstausgabe+begr%C3%BCndet+von+Alfred+Kaestner+Gustav+Fischer+Verlag+Stuttgart+1995%29&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3827403073&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Spektrum+Akademischer+Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li>Christopher A. Brochu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Phylogenetics, systematics, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology Volume 19 Supplement 002</cite>. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1999, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220272-4634%22&key=cql">0272-4634</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9–100</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kaimane&rft.au=Christopher+A.+Brochu&rft.btitle=Phylogenetics%2C+systematics%2C+and+historical+biogeography+of+Alligatoroidea.+Journal+of+Systematic+Palaeontology+Volume+19+Supplement+002&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.issn=0272-4634&rft.pages=9-100&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Society+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li>Christopher A. Brochu: <cite style="font-style:italic">Crocodylian Snouts in Space and Time: Phylogenetic Approaches Toward Adaptive Radiation. American Zoologist volume 41 Issue 3</cite>. Oxford University Press, 2001, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220003-1569%22&key=cql">0003-1569</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>564–585</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kaimane&rft.au=Christopher+A.+Brochu&rft.btitle=Crocodylian+Snouts+in+Space+and+Time%3A+Phylogenetic+Approaches+Toward+Adaptive+Radiation.+American+Zoologist+volume+41+Issue+3&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.issn=0003-1569&rft.pages=564-585&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li>Orangel A. Aguilera, Douglas Riff & Jean Bocquentin-Villanueva: <cite style="font-style:italic">A new giant PURUSSAURUS (Crocodyliformes, Alligatoridae) from the Upper Miocene Urumaco Formation, Venezuela. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology volume 4 Issue 3</cite>. Cambridge University Press, 2006, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221477-2019%22&key=cql">1477-2019</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>221–232</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kaimane&rft.au=Orangel+A.+Aguilera%2C+Douglas+Riff+%26+Jean+Bocquentin-Villanueva&rft.btitle=A+new+giant+PURUSSAURUS+%28Crocodyliformes%2C+Alligatoridae%29+from+the+Upper+Miocene+Urumaco+Formation%2C+Venezuela.+Journal+of+Systematic+Palaeontology+volume+4+Issue+3&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.issn=1477-2019&rft.pages=221-232&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li>C. Medina: <cite style="font-style:italic">Crocodilians from the Late Tertiary of northwestern Venezuela: Melanosuchus fischeri sp. nov. Breviora Number 438</cite>. Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1976, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220006-9698%22&key=cql">0006-9698</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kaimane&rft.au=C.+Medina&rft.btitle=Crocodilians+from+the+Late+Tertiary+of+northwestern+Venezuela%3A+Melanosuchus+fischeri+sp.+nov.+Breviora+Number+438&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.issn=0006-9698&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University.+Museum+of+Comparative+Zoology" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paula Bona, M. Victoria Fernandez Blanco, Torsten M. Schever, Christian Both: <i>Shedding Light on the Taxonomic Diversity of the South American Miocene Caimans: The Status of Melanosuchus fisheri (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea)</i>. In: <i>Ameghiniana</i>, Band 54, Nr. 6, Juni 2017, S. 681–687, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5710/AMGH.08.06.2017.3103">10.5710/AMGH.08.06.2017.3103</a></span>.</span>

</li>

Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi, John J. Flynn, Patrice Baby, Julia V. Tejada-Lara, Frank P. Wesselingh und Pierre-Olivier Antoine: <i>A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands.</i> Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282, 2015, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2490" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2490">doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2490</a>.</span>

</li>

Christopher A. Brochu: <i>A New Alligatorid from the Lower Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming and the Origin of Caimans.</i> Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (4), 2010, S. 1109–1126.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orangel A. Aguilera, Douglas Riff, Jean Bocquentin-Villanueva: <i>A new giant Purussaurus (Crocodyliformes, Alligatoridae) from the Upper Miocene Urumaco Formation, Venezuela.</i> In: <i>Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.</i> Bd. 4, Nr. 3, 2006, S. 221–232, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S147720190600188X" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1017/S147720190600188X">doi:10.1017/S147720190600188X</a> (alternativer Volltextzugriff: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220006733_A_new_giant_Purussaurus_Crocodyliformes_Alligatoridae_from_the_Upper_Miocene_Urumaco_Formation_Venezuela">ResearchGate</a>).</span>

</li>

Alexander K. Hastings, Jonathan I. Bloch, Carlos A. Jaramillo, Aldo F. Rincon und Bruce J. MacFadden: <i>Systematics and Biogeography of Crocodylians from the Miocene of Panama.</i> Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (2), 2013, S. 239–263.</span>

</li>

</ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>

<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caiman?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Kaimane (Caimaninae)</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>

<ul><li>(The Paleobiology Database) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl">http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl</a></li>

<li>(<i>Melanosuchus fischeri</i>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf3/006701200022496.pdf">http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf3/006701200022496.pdf</a></li>

<li>(crocodilesnouts) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mz.usp.br/forum/pdf/crocodilesnouts.pdf">http://www.mz.usp.br/forum/pdf/crocodilesnouts.pdf</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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